Aromatherapy is defined as “the skilled and controlled use of essential oils for physical and emotional health and well-being” (Valerie Gennari Cooksley “Aromatherapy: A Lifetime Guide to Healing with Essential Oils” pg. 3).
The Making of Essential
Oils:
Essential oils are derived from various parts of plants.
They are generally created by distilling (boiling) the parts of the plant that
contain the oils, such as the leaves or flowers, in water and capturing the vapor that results.
This vapor is cooled and the oil is separated from the water layer. Some
essential oils can simply be expressed, or squeezed, from the plant such as
limonene from orange rinds. Cooksley explains that “plants contain from 0.01 to
10% essential oil content… the average amount found in most aromatic plants is
about 1 to 2%” (pg. 5).
Essential Oil versus
Tincture – Concentration is Key:
A tincture is made using a similar distillation process as
an essential oil except that a solvent other than water is used to extract the
oil. This causes the tincture to be less concentrated than an essential oil. To
give you an idea of how concentrated an essential oil is Cooksley states that
“one drop of essential equals about thirty cups of herbal tea” (pg. 4). Also, “sometimes
these oils can be 75 to 100 times more concentrated than the fresh herb” (pg.
5).
So Why Are Essential
Oils So Expensive?:
The process of extracting a pure essential oil, free from
any other solvents, is not very complicated. The reason that certain oils are
more expensive than others has to do with how much plant material it takes to
produce the oil. “Bulgarian Rose oil takes approximately four thousand pounds
of hand-picked flower petals to make 1 pound of oil, making it one of the most
expensive oils that can be purchased. In comparison, Lavender, French fine,
yields one pound of essential oil from about one hundred pounds of plant
material” (Cooksley, pg. 9).
Finding Pure
Essential Oils Without Breaking the Bank:
Making sure you are getting a pure essential oil and not
paying too much at the same time can be difficult. The only way to be sure that
it is a pure oil is to have it tested by a big fancy machine called a gas
chromatograph and have a chemist (that’s me!) verify that there are no impurities.
Short of that, remember you want organic plant material that was raised without
the use of pesticides. You want to make sure that the company is using water to
extract and not another solvent. You also need to make sure that you are
getting natural essential oils and not synthetic ones – chemists can mimic
certain compounds, but creating a synthetic composition of compounds that truly
mimics the natural substance is next to impossible (trust me!). “If they are labeled ‘perfume’ essential
oils, ‘fragrance’ or ‘potpourri’ essential oils, they are of synthetic
composition” (Cooksley, pg. 9).
After looking through many companies, I settled on
purchasing my first oils from an Oregon-based company called Mountain Rose
Herbs (www.mountainroseherbs.com).
They had the highest quality oils for very reasonable prices and they also sell
a plethora of carrier oils, supplies such as vials, and other fun things such
as teas and bulk spices.
Starter Essential
Oils:
So now that you have decided to start a collection of
essential oils, what ones do you purchase first? Cooksley recommends starting
with a few common, affordable, and safe ones such as Lavender, Geranium,
Peppermint, Lemon, Eucalyptus, Tea Tree, and Cedarwood. What oils you decide to
purchase will be based on what you intend to use them for. Do you have an
illness you are specifically treating? Do you want supplies for pregnancy or
children? Are you simply using the oils to make bath products?
In my case, I was pregnant and had two little children at
home so I was specifically looking for oils to assist in childbirth and with
problems for tiny ones. I settled on purchasing 3 essential oils: Peppermint,
Lavender, and Chamomile (Roman). I paid $13 for one ounce of peppermint, $10.25
for half an ounce of lavender, and $27.25 for 1/8 ounce of roman chamomile. I
decide on sweet almond oil as a carrier oil for some of the recipes and purchased 16 ounces for $9. I
also purchased a few sizes of amber bottles for storage, droppers, and a 4 oz
cobalt glass bottle with spray top. This put my total at around $75 for my
starter kit (again, everything was purchased at www.mountainroseherbs.com).
Storing Your Oils:
Essential oils need to be protected from light. Storing them
in an amber or cobalt colored bottled is essential. Light breaks down the
compounds in the oils rendering them impotent. It is also essential that they
be kept cool – at least room temperature. Some carrier oils keep longer if
stored in the refrigerator, but your essential oils can be kept in a cool, dark
cabinet or cupboard. Be sure you keep the lids screwed on tightly and do not
use eye dropper lids with rubber bulbs to store your oils long term as the oils
can break down the rubber. When your oil bottle gets below half full it is best
to re-bottle as these oils are sensitive to oxidation when exposed to air.
Cooksley states, “When these guidelines are kept and storage is ideal, you can
expect most of your oils to last 2 to 5 years” (pg. 12).
How Are Essential
Oils Absorbed by Your Body:
“Essential oils penetrate the body in two ways: through the
nose and the skin” (Cooksley, pg. 12).
Through the nose, you are not actually absorbing most of the
compound into your system. Instead, breathing in the oils stimulates your
olfactory bulb and your brain to have specific reactions, such as the release
of endorphins. The aromatic compounds in essential oils will also stick to the
tiny olfactory hairs in your nose, which allows you to continually breath these
healing compounds.
Absorption through your skin happens very easily through the
pores and hairs on the surface of your skin. These oils are usually low in
molecular weight and are easily excreted by your body. Cooksley says that “it
takes anywhere from 15 minutes to 12 hours for these essences to be fully
absorbed. It takes about 3 to 6 hours to expel or metabolize them in a normal
healthy body, and up to 12 to 14 hours for an unhealthy, obese body” (pg. 15).
Using carrier oils can increase the absorption rate as some vegetable oils are
higher in weight and thus take a longer time to be absorbed by your skin.
Safety With Essential
Oils:
There are certain oils that are not advised for personal use
and are considered toxic, carcinogenic (cancer causing), cautionary (only use
with professional help), phototoxic (increase the reaction of skin to sun), or
dangerous to use during pregnancy. Here area few quick lists of oils to avoid
for these situations (Cooksley, pg. 19-20).
Hazardous Oils:
Ajowan, Arnica, Bitter Almond, Boldo Leaf, Buchu, Calamus,
Camphor (yellow or brown), Caraway, Cassia, Cinnamon, Clove, Elecampane Root,
Horseradish, Jaborandi, Mugwort, Mutard, Parsley Seed, Pennyroyal, Peru Balsam,
Rue, Sage, Santolina, Sassafras, Savin, Savory, Southernwood, Tansy, Thuja,
Tonka bean, Wintergreen, Wormseed, and Woormwood.
Phototoxic Oils:
Angelica Root, all absolutes and concretes, Bergamot
(expressed), Cumin, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lemon (expressed), Lemon Verbena, Lime
(expressed), Mandrin, and Orange (expressed).
Avoid During Pregnancy
Oils:
Aniseed, Armois, Basil, Birch, Cornmint, Fennel, Hyssop,
Lavender stoechas, Lavender Cotton, Marjoram, Myrrh, Oregano, Pimenta racemosa,
Plecanthrus, Star Anise, and Tarragon.